【www.bbyears.com--php与数据库】
语法：(其中as可以省略)
MERGE INTO table_name AS table_alias
USING (table|view|sub_query) AS alias
ON (join condition)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET
col1 = col_val1,
col2 = col2_val --9i 不可以有where条件，10g 可以
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT (column_list)—多个列以逗号分割 //可以不指定列
VALUES (column_values); --9i 不可以有where条件，10g 可以
作用：将源数据(来源于实际的表,视图,子查询)更新或插入到指定的表中(必须实际存在),依赖于on条件,好处是避免了多个insert 和update操作。Merge是一个目标性明确的操作符,不允许在一个merge 语句中对相同的行insert 或update 操作。这个语法仅需要一次全表扫描就完成了全部工作，执行效率要高于INSERT＋UPDATE。例子如下：
drop table t;
CREATE TABLE T AS SELECT ROWNUM ID, A.* FROM DBA_OBJECTS A;
drop table t1;
CREATE TABLE T1 AS
SELECT ROWNUM ID, OWNER, TABLE_NAME, CAST("TABLE" AS VARCHAR2(100)) OBJECT_TYPE
FROM DBA_TABLES;
select * from dba_objects;
select * from dba_tables;
MERGE INTO T1 USING T
ON (T.OWNER = T1.OWNER AND T.OBJECT_NAME = T1.TABLE_NAME AND T.OBJECT_TYPE = T1.OBJECT_TYPE)
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET T1.ID = T.ID
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (T.ID, T.OWNER, T.OBJECT_NAME, T.OBJECT_TYPE);--insert
后面不写表示插入全部列
MERGE INTO T1 USING T
ON (T.OWNER = T1.OWNER AND T.OBJECT_NAME = T1.TABLE_NAME)
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET T1.ID = T.ID
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (T.ID, T.OWNER, T.OBJECT_NAME, T.OBJECT_TYPE);--常见错误，
连接条件不能获得稳定的行，可以使用下面的用子查询
MERGE INTO T1
USING (SELECT OWNER, OBJECT_NAME, MAX(ID) ID FROM T GROUP BY OWNER, OBJECT_NAME) T
ON (T.OWNER = T1.OWNER AND T.OBJECT_NAME = T1.TABLE_NAME)
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET T1.ID = T.ID
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (T.ID, T.OWNER, T.OBJECT_NAME);
SELECT ID, OWNER, OBJECT_NAME, OBJECT_TYPE FROM T
MINUS
SELECT * FROM T1;
drop table subs;
create table subs(msid number(9),
ms_type char(1),
areacode number(3)
);
drop table acct;
create table acct(msid number(9),
bill_month number(6),
areacode number(3),
fee number(8,2) default 0.00);
insert into subs values(905310001,0,531);
insert into subs values(905320001,1,532);
insert into subs values(905330001,2,533);
commit;
merge into acct a --操作的表
using subs b on (a.msid=b.msid)--使用原始数据来源的表，并且制定条件，条件必须有括号
when matched then
update set a.areacode=b.areacode--当匹配的时候，执行update操作，和直接update的语法
不一样，不需要制定表名
when not matched then--当不匹配的时候，执行insert操作，也不需要制定表名，若指定字段插入，则在insert后用括号标明，不指定是全部插入
insert(msid,bill_month,areacode) values(b.msid,"200702",b.areacode);
另外，MERGE语句的UPDATE不能修改用于连接的列，否则会报错
select * from acct;
select * from subs;
--10g新特性，单个操作
merge into acct a
using subs b on(a.msid=b.msid)
when not matched then--只有单个not matched的时候，只做插入，不做更新，只有单个matched的时候，只做更新操作
insert(a.msid,a.bill_month,a.areacode) values(b.msid,"200702",b.areacode);
update acct set areacode=800 where msid=905320001;
delete from acct where areacode=533 or areacode=531;
insert into acct values(905320001,"200702",800,0.00);
--删除重复行
delete from subs b where b.rowid<(
select max(a.rowid) from subs a where a.msid=b.msid and a.ms_type=b.ms_type and
a.areacode=b.areacode);
--10g新特性，merge操作之后，只有匹配的update操作才可以，用delete where子句删除目标表中满足条件的行。
merge into acct a
using subs b on (a.msid=b.msid)
when MATCHED then
update set a.areacode=b.areacode
delete where (b.ms_type!=0)
when NOT MATCHED then
insert(msid,bill_month,areacode)
values(b.msid,"200702",b.areacode)
where b.ms_type=0;
--10g新特性，满足条件的插入和更新
merge into acct a
using subs b on (a.msid=b.msid)
when MATCHED then
update set a.areacode=b.areacode
where b.ms_type=0
when NOT MATCHED then
insert(msid,bill_month,areacode)
values(b.msid,"200702",b.areacode)
where b.ms_type=0;
select * from subs where ms_type=0;